Roles of Estrogens in Prostate Cancer Development via the Modulation of DNA-Repair System

used in the production of plastic polycarbonate, have been shown to make disorders in sexual organs including the prostate gland [4]. Such environmental hormones may play a critical role in influencing for triggering prostate disease [5]. While numerous factors are involved in prostate carcinogenesis [6,7], epidemiological studies have reported a relationship between elevated circulating estrogen levels and prostate diseases [8]. A seminent levels of estrogen are strongly involved in DNA repair system, the signaling pathway of DNA repair may also play a key role in the progression of prostate diseases [9,10]. Generally, prostate cancer is classified into three risk groups based on the Gleason score, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) level, and clinical staging [11]. Because the drug which blocks androgenic hormone activation significantly reduces the prostate cancer risk [12], those risk factors may act through androgenic hormonal mechanisms.